好久沒有真正記錄自己投資的點點滴滴。

但是隨著年紀的增加,需要一個地方慢慢記錄投資的點點滴滴。開了一個版,用來強迫自己用更有系統的方式整理思緒。

我過去幾年的投資,不能算是特別的成功。投資組合中,每一年都有一檔主要的持股出現較大虧損。其他的股票表現的持穩或是在預期之中,但是這樣無法彌補主力股票的損失,以至於投資表現不慎理想。避免出錯,是我必須要學習的課題。

如果要對自己的投資風格做個簡單的陳述,那就是價值投資。在過去十年中,最成功的投資也是最長投資公司是一間我大學畢業至今持續持有的股票。只是當時可惜的是本金太少,並沒有對我的資產絕對金額有顯著的幫助。在十年多的散戶投資生涯中,嘗試過不同的投資風格方式,成績算是起起伏伏。有時候,對公司的分析是大致是對的,只是投資時的進場價位相對較高(合理價位但沒有足夠的安全邊際)遇到大盤的下跌,股價下跌超過25%,自己耐不住性子漸漸出清大部分持股,而留下的少許部位,經過一兩年的股利加上逐漸收復之前的損失,以留下的部位來看,最後三年後持股部分的總收益是10-15%。持有部分的年化報酬大概是6-7%。

踩到地雷是對我淨值最大的傷害,尤其是主要的部位。我個人誤判公司的護城河,也決定不投資剛上櫃一兩年的公司。投資很多時後真的是有所不為。

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Given the the counterparty risk of FIRST REIT (more than 80% rental revenue is from the sponsor, PT Lippo Karawaci), I've cut 2/3 of my holdings and reduced my exposure to FIRST REIT. I am still bullish on FIRST REIT. Given the sponsor's cash position and liquidity issues, it is better to be prudent and keep a peace of mind. 

The sponsor has significant USD-denominated debts, which is negative to the depreciating Indonesian Rubiah against USD. The sponsor also has other businesses that need capex to grow. Not an ideal situation to bet on REIT yields, which is interlinked to the sponsor's credit situations in the current market environment. Luckily, AREIT's price dropped as a result of the private placement, creating an opportunity to add more units. AREIT has a capable team, proven execution capability and a wild number of tenants in the industrial, business centers. 

I added one new counter, Keppel DC REIT, speicilized in data centers. The long-term nature of the bsuiness ensures yield visibility. This REIT is still on an aggressive growth path with relative low yield of 5%. Growth outweighs yield for now.     

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In the past week, I've added more units in Capitaland Retail China Trust (CRCT) at S$1.44, given the attractive yield at the current price. The REIT is generating 7% yield p.a. CRCT is catergorized as neighborhood malls, attracting traffic from nearby communities. It is less impacted by the business cycle and ecommerce as people need to eat and entertain all the time and is not affected by the external factors such as the China-US trade war. The only negative factor is currency as CRCT receives RMB in China and RMB is on the depreciating trend. However, strong rental revisions offer great comfort. 

The five core SREITs are integral parts of building the passive income for the future.

FIRST REIT is a healthcare REIT. Triple-net lease with escalating rental revison clauses. The primary exposure is Indonesia and the key concerns at this moment are (i) the liquidity issue of the sponsor, Lippo Karawaci, who is the sole counterpart to FIRST REIT; (ii) depreciating rupiah is a concern despite the rentals in the leases are SGD-denominated. The unit-holders of FIRST REIT do not bear the currency risk. The pressure is on the sponsor. As the healthcare sector is not subject to business cycle, FIRST REIT is a good defensive play in nature.

Ascendas REIT (AREIT) is an industrial REIT with a good management team and proven execution track record.  AREIT's predominant expsoure is Singapore and increasingly to Australia and UK. AREIT continues to proactively manage its portfolio to generate higher DPUs. 

Frasers Logistic and Indistrial Trust (FLT) is a logsitic REIT with exposure to Australia and Europe. Its management team has executed a number of yield-accretive acquisitions since its listing.

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我覺得成功的投資,應該致力於找到好公司以及以合理或者是低於內在價值的時點買進。

不過,我還是把少許的部分,歸類在交易的範疇。我把長期投資的公司,或是長期觀察的公司,在特定時點買進並且預期有正面的消息出現,通常持有期限是兩三個月。由於對於標的的了解以及交易格的拿捏,成功的機率似乎還可以接受。如果沒有出現預期的狀況,長期持有也不會產生任何影響。

這樣的交易及投資的歸類,界線有時很難界定。不是一個容易說清楚的一個方式。不過,由於對於投資標的的熟悉及交易部位的控管,即使沒有發生預期的事件,交易的資金會轉換成投資的資金。如果在全轉換為投資的資金並不會對低一個股的風險增加時,才會採取這樣的行動。

不過,今天賣出交易部位太早。午盤後的大漲,以及明天預期的漲停,只能說掰掰。

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開始注意到龍嚴,是跟我哥在很久以前交換當下自己投資的組合。老哥當時提到這個公司,基本上是賣靈骨塔的公司。我當時只是粗略的看了年報做了一點簡單的分析,在網路上看了一些新聞,覺得這個產業是個有剛性需求的產業,每個人在最後階段一定會需要這樣的服務或產品。不過,我當時不懂如何去分析這樣的產業,直覺當時股價太高(大概在NTD80-90之間),本益比超過15倍。所以列入我的觀察名單。這一觀察,我基本上就忘記它的存在。

從新再注意這間公司,其實是發現凱雷投資中國福壽園,發現在它香港上市。不過也僅止於感興趣,但也只是被動的觀察殯葬產業的發展狀態。直到另一個私募基金投資了東南亞最大的殯葬公司富貴集團,我才漸漸學習到這個產業的特殊性,及如何去分析這樣特殊的公司。福壽園跟龍嚴不同的地方在於,中國基本上不允許生前契約,所以兩個的營運模式有所同有所不同。而富貴集團,卻是跟龍嚴一樣,營收有很大的部分來自生前契約(塔位,墓地,禮儀服務)。所以富貴集團就是龍嚴的東南亞翻版。

富貴集團也在香港上市,不過由於大部分營收來自馬來西亞,受到當時馬來西亞令吉貶值,股價表現並不好。如果當看令吉的財務數字,這真的是一家很好的公司。我看了公司的年報及說明會,我漸漸了解到這個行業最重要的幾個點:土地銀行,生前契約的金額,收入認列的基準等等。於是,我在最近因為龍嚴前董事長李世聰的緋聞,以及股價下跌,也就開始關注龍嚴這家公司。

由於是短評,所以我就不對龍嚴做仔細的介紹。這個行業,主要是販賣塔位墓園和禮儀服務。販賣又分即時需求和未來需求,所以在營收認列分面有些許的差異。如果銷售員販賣現在用不到但以後會用到的塔位墓園及服務,歸類為pre-need sales,當下不會認列收入,而是認列預收收入(負債)。等到未來發生時或是符合認列收入條件時,才會轉為收入。符合條件的原因,產生收入認列的時間差,對於獲利的穩定性會有一定的影響。例如 2015及2016年的獲利,很大的部分受到完工認列的因素(塔位墓園興建中)而使獲利下降。如果觀察新塔位即新生前契約的銷售還是分別維持台幣25億元以上,只是高毛利的塔墓營收沒有反應。

土地銀行這方面,我倒是不知道在哪裡可以找到確切數字。除了說明會上有提到高端及中階的塔墓商品,可瞭解到龍嚴大概有90萬個塔位,7萬7千座戶外墓穴及約21萬坪的墓園。不知道這些數字背後多少是屬於已銷售,多少是屬於可以開發的。如果所有的塔位是完成建設營業中或是正在建築中,而21萬坪的土地是可開發但尚未開發的話,龍嚴的土地備用地應開可以接受。確實情形怎樣,需要慢慢去了解。

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I recalled vividly how I really started to look at REITs as a potential new asset class. I had a conversation with one of our interns over his prior internship expereince. He mentioned he spent time compling data and preparing analysis on one speicialized Singapore REIT: Keppel DC REIT, a REIT focused on managing data centres globally. Given the trends of big data and IOT, the demand for data centres is on the rise. As the only specialized REIT focusing on this particular sector, I did do a bit of analysis and decided to invest for the first time in the SREIT. It started my journey of researching the broader market. I did exit the investment for a decent profit but it would be even better if I contiue to hold on to it. Over time, I have get more and more familiar with the asset class and decide to build a cash-flow machine based on investing in SREITs.

A little backround of SREITs. To be classified as REITs and enjoy the benefits of the tax-efficient vehicle, the managers are required to distribute at least 90% of their taxible income to unitholders/ investors. Due to the nature of REITs (subject to different sub-types), the recurring dividends which are more or less reliable based on the lease for the period of 2-10 years or more are a great attribute to build a cashflow machine for retirement. REITs are bond-like equity risk profile with risks associated with business environment, property markets, rise of interest rates, downward rental revisions, creditability of tenants in the event of default or being unable to honor the tenancy agreement, etc. The upside comes from the managers' ability to manage the property well to attract high quality tenants and implement the add-on acquisitions to acquire new properties. REITs in general has a easy-to-understand underlying business with relatively predictable cashflows and distributions per unit ("DPU"). We generally sacrifice roller coaster upside (in a short period of time) to gradually increasing DPUs and/or unit price. We need to put it in mind that when it comes to investment, there are always risks. The SREITs generally have an average of DPU at between 5-7%, relatively higher in comparison to other REITs in Asia. The SGX has tremoundoues disclosures requirements (?) for REITS or SREITs in general have very good disclosure practices, issueing quarterly reports/ presentations in great details and more frequent distributions (either quarterly or semi-annually). Good managers are expected to grow DPUs over time and thus will have positive impacts on unit price.  

Under the environment, I intend to build a portfolio made of a select SREITs, with exposure to healthcare, industrials, logistics and retails. The purpose is to build a cash-flow machine that can feed itself by re-investing the distributions recieved. Given the long-term nature, it is fairy early to comment on the current status of the machine as it is still in its infancy in Year 2. SREITs require relatively little time to monitor. 

At present, I have roughtly divide my portfolio into two pockets:

- Equity portfolio (mostly in Taiwan): the intention is to adopt a value-driven approach, select a list of portfolio companies and hope to achieve higher returns in the long run.   

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開始就對我台股的部位簡短的做個短評 (2018/6):

雖然我是價值投資的信奉者,基本上是以研究個股為主。不過隨著整體大環境,自從金融危機以後就一直走大多頭。雖然其中有幾年股市有點修正,但是基本上全球股市還是持續向上。每多一年的多頭,本身就越來越提高警覺,風險意識也就越高。過去幾年持有現金的部位大概都是維持在15-20%,這也對於我整體投資組合的表現,有一定負面的影響。今年,我決定採取比較進取的策略,對於在這個台股高水位的情況下,持續買進覺得被低估的個股。如果考量今年的現金股利的部分,現金的水位大概在5%左右。在閱讀了巴菲特在BPL的階段雖然整體市場價格很高時,還是持續持股接近100%的投資部位,因為資金小還是可以找到投資機會,持有現金的水位要看市場個股投資機會,而不是整體市場的價格。台股雖然是維持在萬點以上,很多一些中小型股還是在合理或偏低的價位。與其等待市場崩盤(不知何時),還是找到合適的機會持續買進。不過,我要減少REITS部位建構的速度,以增加我整體可投資現金的部位。(REITS的現金流建構機制雖然還在早期階段,有時間再慢慢討論。)不過自從前兩年慢慢調整投資個股的產業比重,透過增加內需型及壟斷型的個股,減少外在市場可能造成的影響。現階段持股行業前三個是:汽車產業,金融業,消費性產業。

這三個產業對景氣影響的敏感度,還是很高。但其他較少的行業部位已經包含食品業,環保類及其他類。非前三大產業的投資比較不受景氣影響。第二季後,持續增加食品類及其他類。所以比例會略有修正。

汽車產業,有兩家是有明顯的護城河。一個主要在國內車燈市場有絕對的市佔率,大陸的市場隨著日本主要股東的支持下,有機會在再進行不同的區域進行合作。另一家是傳統汽車引擎的關鍵零組件,全球市佔率最高而且新商品經過十年的研發有機會成為下個成長引擎。另一家所處的是技術門檻相對不高,但是卻是全球氣門嘴的市佔率第一的隱形冠軍。不過,公司今年受到原物料的影響,第一季獲利很難看。有點失望的是,我寫信去公司詢問一些市場問題並沒有得到答覆。公司今年第二代正式接班,是好事對也增加營運管理執行的不確定性。所幸,這是個冷門的產業,一般氣門嘴變化不太大。公司提供TPMS的AM製造商特殊氣門嘴,有機會是下個成長引擎。目前營收只佔不到10%,隨著擴廠,市場需求,銅價穩定,應該會回歸正常營運。值得注意的是公司的護城河或許不是如前兩家高。

金融產業,其實也是景氣循環的行業。我開始投資金融產業是基於市場對於金融存股有種偏好,於是兩三年前開始慢慢投資。金融是高度規範的行業,有一定的特許成分。我避開有保險公司獲利為主的金控,因為投資是景氣循環影響最大的。市場好時,投資收益會對金控有很好的加乘效果。反之,則會有負面影響。以銀行為主體的金控,如果維持好的借貸underwriting,受到景氣影響的程度會相對比較少。我金融的主要部位,也是我的核心投資部位,不會短線進出。不過,最近金融存股熱加上高股價,很難再度加碼。

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